A

ABC ANALYSIS

It's an analysis that ranks and groups product groups based on profitability. It's used to determine which products should be kept in stock at all times, which products should be allowed to run out of stock occasionally, and which products should be removed from stock.

AGENT  (BROKER)

An intermediary person or organization that brings together the producer and the consumer.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES

The amount of money the seller expects to receive from selling goods on credit.

ATMOSPHERICS ​

In-store décor – factors that attract attention and stimulate sales, such as architectural design, lighting, and layout.

B

DERIVED DEMAND

Demand that varies depending on another factor. The demand for industrial goods depends on the demand for consumer goods produced by that sector.

 BREAKEVEN POINT

The sales quantity at which total revenues equal total expenses. Sales exceeding this quantity will result in profitability.

BREAKEVEN ANALYSIS

It is a technique that evaluates the relationship between total revenues and total costs to determine profitability at different sales levels. It determines the point at which total revenues equal total costs and profits are zero.

Head-to-Head Competition

A strategy in which a rival company challenges the leader in the industry and aims to take its place.

BENCHMARKING

(1) Identifying an organization that is successful in performing a function and using its practices as a springboard for improvement

(2) A business collaborates with another successful business on best practices to improve its own performance.

 MERGER, ACQUISITION

It is a financial strategy that usually results in a larger firm acquiring or taking over a smaller firm.

CO-BRANDING

It is the bringing together of two brands of two companies that manufacture a single product and presenting it as a single product brand.

DISTRICT SALES MANAGER

A manager responsible for a specific geographic area and reporting to the marketing department manager.

REGIONAL MARKETING

It is a marketing approach that aims to make sales by focusing on the specific tastes, needs and interests of the people of a particular region.

KEY ACCOUNT

It is a customer that has a significant share in annual business volume or can create significant opportunities in terms of purchasing potential.

GROWTH STAGE

The period during which sales increase during the product's life cycle.

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GLASS CEILING

The invisible barrier that makes it difficult for minorities and women to be promoted beyond a certain level.

CURRENT ASSETS

Cash or tangible assets that can normally be converted into cash within one year.

CURRENT LIABILITIES

Debts expected to be paid in less than one year.

CURRENT RATIO

It is the division of current assets by current liabilities. It indicates the company's ability to pay its current liabilities with its current assets.

EMPLOYEE DISCOUNT

A discount given by a business to its employees from the retail sales price.

EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY

It is the output obtained from the activities of employees. It can be measured in sales or revenue per employee.

ANCHORSTORE

A large, well-known retail establishment located in a local shopping centre that acts as a centre of attraction for customers.

CROSS SELLING

A salesperson tries to sell complementary products from other departments to their customers.

PULL STRATEGY

It is a strategy that includes promotion, advertising and similar activities aimed at end consumers and encouraging them to request products from retailers.

DEF

DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL

1- It is the organization of units that carry out all the activities necessary to ensure the connection between producers and users of products, forming a network.

2-It is a marketing mix component that moves the product to the target market and thus makes it suitable for purchase.

DISTRIBUTION CENTERS

They are centralized distribution facilities that serve a wider market than warehouses. They maintain complete product lines and plan and control large-scale shipments from different production locations. They operate with computer-based automation systems.

DISTRIBUTION INTENSITY

It is the degree of widespread availability in the market provided by a particular distribution system.

DAMPING

It is the practice of pricing a product below its cost or below the price prevailing in the domestic market.

BEHAVIORAL SEGMENTATION

It is the determination of customer groups according to differences in their behavior.

DURABLE GOODS

Goods that have a long service life.

NON-DURABLE GOODS

Goods that are consumed in one or more uses within a short period of time.

VALUE

The ratio of perceived benefits to price.

VALUE ANALYSIS

Systematically evaluating the design, quality, or performance requirements of a product to reduce its purchasing or manufacturing cost.

VALUE PRICING

Setting a price that will make a product more valuable than competing products. The practice of simultaneously lowering prices while increasing product benefits and service.

VARIABLE COST

These are firm expenses that vary directly with the amount of product produced or sold.

DISTRIBUTOR (DISTRIBUTOR)

A brokerage firm operating in industrial markets that wholesales a product to retailers and, in some cases, supports this with promotions and other services.

DIRECT MARKETING

1- A distribution channel that reaches the consumer from the producer without any intermediaries. 

2-A method of taking orders from consumers through direct sales, direct mailing, telemarketing and similar methods.

DIRECT SELLING

A sales representative makes a personal presentation and demonstration of a product to customers.

TRANSACTIONAL FUNCTION

It is the whole of the activities that serve to gain location, time, quantity, variety and ownership benefits on the supplied raw materials and materials.

VERTICAL CONFLICT

Conflicts between different levels in a marketing channel.

VERTICAL INTEGRATED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

It is the organization of organizations at different levels, such as manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers, into an integrated distribution system in order to reduce conflicts and achieve common interests at the highest level.

VERTICAL MARKETING SYSTEMS

It is a centrally coordinated and professionally managed system of marketing channels designed to achieve cost savings and maximize impact throughout the distribution channel.

ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY

It is the optimum order quantity that reduces the total cost of ordering and holding stock at the lowest (minimum) level.

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI)

It is the electronic sending and sharing of business documents, invoices and payment documents between the retailer and the supplier.

EARLY ADOPTERS

They are people who pioneer innovations in their social positions and are sources of knowledge and experience for other people.

EARLY MAJORITY

Customers who start buying immediately after being early adopters in trying a new product

FLEXIBLE PRICING

It is a pricing strategy that allows customers to negotiate sales prices.

ELASTIC DEMAND

Situations where a certain percentage decrease in prices leads to a much greater increase in quantity demanded and therefore increases sales revenues significantly.

ETHICS

Moral principles and values ​​are based on universal moral understanding and obligations and show how a person should behave.

FACTORY OUTLET

A retail unit owned by a manufacturer that sells at low prices.

DIVERSIFICATION

1. It is a growth strategy that aims to reach new or existing customers with renewed, differentiated or completely new products.

2. A strategic investment opportunity involving the development of a completely new retail format for an unserved market segment.

DIFFERENTIATED MARKETING

Selling multiple versions of a product to different market segments.

OPINION LEADERS

Individuals who are recognized as having knowledge and expertise on a particular subject and whose opinions, attitudes, preferences, and actions influence others.

IDEA MARKETING

Non-profit marketing designed to market a topic or cause

FINANCE FUNCTION

Activities related to the organization of all payment relations within the distribution channel during the marketing-sales process.

PRICE

Money or similar value requested in exchange for the purchase or use of a product, service or idea

PRICE ELASTICITY

It is a measure of the sensitivity of demand to changes in price.

PRICE DISCRIMINATION

This occurs when a supplier sells the same product to different customers at different prices. It's neither legal nor ethical. It's usually aimed at profiteering from the customer.

PRICE LEADER

It's the firm that implicitly sets the market price and is followed by all other firms in the industry. Relative price stability is achieved in the market because they don't change their prices unless the leader changes.

PRICE FIXING

It is a (secret) agreement among members of a distribution channel to jointly determine the selling prices for a product. It is an illegal and unethical practice.

PRICE WAR

These are discounts that companies apply repeatedly to lower their competitors' prices.

PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

In order for the distribution channel to fulfill its expected duties, it physically carries out the flow of goods from production points to consumption points.

PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

A system encompassing all functions of a company, including order processing, product loading and unloading, inventory recording, storage, and transportation. It is the collection of vehicles that transport products from the manufacturer to the consumer.

FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEW

It is a marketing research technique in which a small group of people respond to a moderator's open-ended questions.

FUNCTIONAL ACCOUNTS

Allocating the costs of specific marketing activities among relevant functions.

FRANCHISING

A contract-based distribution system in which a parent company grants the rights to sell under its own brand, in exchange for a fee, based on its own marketing plan.

FREQUENCY

The average number of times a message is delivered to a person based on a media plan during a given time period.

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WARRANTY (GUARANTEE, WARRANTY) 

It is a promise that a product will meet expectations within an acceptable period of time.

MOMENTS OF TRUTH

These are moments when a customer forms a lasting impression, whether positive or negative, about a company, product, brand or salesperson due to an experience they have, at a level that influences their decision to purchase a product or service.

FEEDBACK

A person's reaction to the message sent to him is an integral part of the communication process that ensures its success.

BACK ORDER

The part of the order that the supplier cannot fulfill on time and wants to deliver as soon as possible when the products in question are supplied through manufacturing, import, etc.

DECLINE STAGE

It is the fourth and final period of the product life cycle, during which sales and profitability decline.

BACKWARD INTEGRATION 

A type of vertical integration in which a retailer owns some or all of its own suppliers.

INTRODUCTION STAGE

This is the first phase of a product's life cycle, the period when a new product is introduced to the market. During this period, sales growth is slow and profits are low.

ENTRY BARRIER 

Conditions in the retail market that make it difficult for new companies to enter the market.

MYSTERY SHOPPER

It's an evaluation and improvement effort, often conducted by independent organizations or consultants, to monitor customer satisfaction, sales standards, and service. Mystery shoppers visit retail locations like regular customers, observing and gathering information about overall condition, merchandising, prices, presentation styles, and service quality.

GLOBAL MARKETING

Using a single marketing strategy valid in domestic and foreign markets.

GONDOLA 

A self-service counter created with back-to-back shelves and positioned like an island in the middle.

PUBLIC RELATIONS

It is aimed at ensuring "peace" between the environment consisting of internal and external interest groups, the company, brand, product or person and improving their future (investment-oriented).

REMINDER ADVERTISEMENTS

It is an effort to reinforce the information and training given previously about a product and to place the names in people's minds.

TARGET MARKET 

The customer group that a retail business targets for its retail mix.

THEFT (SHOPLIFTING)

The act of stealing goods from a shopping place by a customer or someone pretending to be a customer.

HYPERMARKET (HYPERMARKET)

A very large-scale retail store that combines a discount store and a supermarket food retailer in a location similar to a large wholesale building and offers low-priced sales.

SERVICES

Intangible and invisible products that provide services to customers, such as retail establishments, banks, hospitals, doctors, entertainment venues, and schools.

SERVICE RETAILER

A retail business that sells services rather than goods to end customers.

NEEDS

The forces that drive people to achieve a specific goal. The motivation behind purchasing behavior.

FORWARD INTEGRATION

A type of vertical growth in which a company acquires units downstream in the manufacturing and distribution chain.

RELATIONSHIP MARKETING

Marketing efforts designed to create and maintain loyalty among existing customers.

MANUFACTURER'S BRAND

It is a brand produced and marketed by its manufacturer.

DISCOUNT STORE

A retail store that sells a wide variety of goods at discounted prices and provides only limited services.

INNOVATION

These are innovations that carry commercial value for both the business and its customers. Innovations can occur in areas such as product, process, management, and marketing. Generally, innovations lead to significant changes in consumption patterns, management, production and sales processes, quality, and costs.

DISCOUNT

A type of price adjustment offered by a seller to encourage purchases or cash payments in a specific quantity at a specific time of year.

OBJECTION

A prospect's resistance to making a purchasing decision.

PUSH STRATEGY

It is a strategy that includes activities such as promotions, promotions, discounts, bonuses, etc., aimed at distribution channel members and intermediary institutions, encouraging them to order and stock products.

GENERIC PRODUCT

These are products named solely after their general product class. They have no branding, advertising, or promotions; they are known solely by their ingredients.

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QUALITY

Characteristic features of a product that affect its ability to satisfy customer needs; The degree to which the product meets customer expectations.

CLOSING

The purchasing process is the process of obtaining a purchase decision and commitment from a prospective customer. It is the completion of the sale.

COVERAGE

The theoretical number of potential customers in a retailer's target market that can be reached by advertising in a particular media channel.

PROFIT

It is the reward a business receives in exchange for the risks it takes to produce and sell a product or service. It is the portion remaining after total expenses are subtracted from total revenue.

COMPARATIVE ADVERTISEMENTS

It is an advertisement that highlights the strengths of a brand compared to its competitors.

RETAIL SALES FROM CATALOGUE (CATALOG RETAILER)

It is a type of retail sales that communicates directly with customers by mail and does not have a shop/store.

CATEGORY

It is a variation of products that the customer sees as interchangeable.

CATEGORY KILLER

A low-priced retailer that sells the entire range of products in a category together, thus dominating a particular category for the customer, such as electronics, office supplies, stationery

CATEGORY - LIFE CYCLE

It is the change in the sales trend of a product category over time.

CHERRY PICKING 

Customers who come into a store and only buy items that are sold at a deep discount.

PERSONALITY

They are persistent and consistent patterns of behavior. They represent a set of consumer characteristics used to define target market segments.

PERSONAL SELLING

The extent of a sales promotion effort involving face-to-face communication between a company's sales representative and the customer.

MASS MARKETING

The strategy of releasing a core product to the market in large quantities, regardless of customer categories and needs.

CONVENIENCE GOODS

They are inexpensive consumer goods that customers purchase frequently and easily.

COMMISSION

Compensation tied to a fixed formula, such as a percentage of sales.

CONSIGNMENT GOODS

These are goods that the retailer does not pay the supplier for until they are sold, and do not take possession of until the final sale is made. If they are not sold, they are returned to the supplier.

CANNED PRESENTATION

A memorized, standard sales message that is delivered to all prospects without any changes.

POSITIONING

It is the design and implementation of a promotion, marketing and sales development program to create an image in the customer's mind that will allow the product or retailer to be compared to its competitors and perceived as superior.

COOPERATIVE ADVERTISING

A promotional program conducted by a supplier agreeing to cover all or part of the cost of promoting its own products.

COOPERATIVE BUYING

A group of independent retailers working together to bulk purchase large quantities from a single vendor.

QUOTA 

In international marketing, it is a quantity restriction imposed on the entry or exit of a product from a country.

CREDIT 

Money allocated to a customer by a retailer, wholesaler, bank, financial institution, or other institution. An open account is an agreement to grant a customer a maturity date for payment.

COUPON

A small piece of printed paper offering a discount on the price of certain items when purchased in-store.

INSTITUTIONAL ADVERTISING

Advertisement that introduces and promotes the image and philosophy of an organization.

Culture

It is a system of beliefs and values ​​shared by the majority of members of a society.

LIST PRICE

The non-discounted price stated in a catalogue or by a salesperson as the company's official selling price.

LOGISTIC FUNCTIONS

The processes used to assemble various products, ensure their shipment, store them, group them into small units and present them to customers, and place them on retail shelves.

GOODS

It is a marketing component that has physical, chemical, aesthetic, socio-psychological, etc. properties.

COST PLUS PRICING

It is a simple pricing method in which the company calculates its costs by adding the desired profit margin.

COST-ORIENTED METHOD

A method of determining retail price by adding a fixed percentage to the cost of the merchandise. Also known as cost-plus pricing.

BRAND (TRADE MARK)

1.It is the identity of a good or service. 

2. It distinguishes one product from another (its competitors), symbolizes the benefits and quality of the product, and contributes to its being remembered.

3. Names, pictures, terms or symbols that distinguish a good or service from all other similar ones and define it differently.

BRAND LOYALTY

It is when a customer continues to purchase the same brand of a particular product on a consistent basis.

BRAND EQUITY

It refers to the value of a brand name in the market.

BRAND EXTENSION

It is using an existing brand name for a new product.

BRAND IMAGE

The overall perception of the brand. A set of beliefs that express the overall view of the brand, formed from knowledge about the brand and past experiences.

BRAND NAME

The part of a brand that can be expressed verbally.

BRAND MARK

The part of a brand that cannot be expressed verbally.

BRAND LEVERAGING

It is to take advantage of a strong brand image by offering similar products under a well-known brand name.

BRAND MANAGER

He/she is responsible for ensuring creativity, leadership in the company's product or service strategy, dominance in each of the shelf-showcase and market segments, and creating the promotional strategy of the brand under his/her management.

MERCHANDISING

It is the set of decisions regarding which products or product lines will be available in the retail business.

SEASONAL DISCOUNT

It is a price reduction introduced during periods of low demand.

SEASONAL GOODS

Goods whose sales fluctuate greatly depending on the time of year.

QUANTITY DISCOUNT

It is a discount on unit prices for large order quantities.

FASHION 

A category of merchandise typically sold over one or more seasons. Sales can fluctuate significantly from one season to the next.

CUSTOMER LOYALTY 

They are the feelings or attitudes that cause a customer to return to repurchase a particular product, service or brand or to shop at a retail outlet again.

CUSTOMER FINDING (PROSPECTING)

It is an important sales function that enables a salesperson to identify new customers using different sources and methods.

CUSTOMER ENTHUSIAST

It is the totality of emotions such as profit, pride, belonging, loyalty and happiness that the customer experiences because the products and services offered exceed customer expectations.

CUSTOMER SERVICE

A set of retail sales activities offered to customers with the aim of adding value to the goods they purchase.

CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT

The department in a business that handles and responds to customer applications and complaints.

CUSTOMER RETURNS

The amount of goods returned by customers because they are damaged, defective, or unsuitable.

CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGEMENT (CRM)

These are systematic processes a business uses to monitor, manage, and develop relationships with existing and potential customers. CRM software is used to support these processes. The goal is to improve customer service, leverage customer information for more focused marketing activities, and build customer loyalty.

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

It's the ability of a business to deliver products and services that meet customer expectations. Customer satisfaction, a key differentiator in a competitive market, is an integral part of today's business strategies.

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION INDEX

It is a performance indicator that measures customers' satisfaction with the quality of the products and services they purchase. It measures the extent to which customers' expectations from a product or service are met.

CUSTOMER ORIENTATION

An approach to developing and delivering products and services by prioritizing customer demands, needs, and expectations. Customer-first thinking and acting.

CUSTOMER BUYING PROCESS

The stages a customer goes through when purchasing a product or service. These are: sensing a need, searching for information, evaluating alternatives, choosing, purchasing, and post-purchase evaluation.

Negotiation

A process of negotiation or bargaining between two or more parties to reach a conclusion.

CASH DISCOUNT

Offering lower prices to customers for cash and cash payments.

NET INVOICE PRICE (NET INVOICE PRICE)

The net value of the invoice or the total invoice amount after all discounts are deducted.

NET PROFIT

It is a measure of a company's overall performance. It is calculated by subtracting expenses and losses from sales revenue for a period.

NET SALES

The total sales profit remaining in the seller's hands after the full price of the returned products has been paid.

NICHE MARKETING

The elements of the marketing mix are specifically designed to capture a single, usually small, market segment.

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MATURITY STAGE

The period in a product's life cycle where the increase in product sales stops, remains stable, and then gradually begins to decline.

OLIGOPOLY

A competitive market structure in which a small number of large firms control a large portion of the market

OPERATIONAL PLANNING

Establishing goals and strategies for business units, typically for a period of one year or less.

Opportunistic Pricing

It is an attempt to attract customers by setting lower prices than competitors.

ORGANIZATION MARKETING

Advertising and other marketing activities designed and implemented by a nonprofit to attract members, donors, participants, and volunteers to a particular organization.

OUTLET STORE

A retail store affiliated with a manufacturer or department store chain that sells at low prices.

OUTLET CENTER

A shopping mall where large chain stores and manufacturers' own stores are located together, selling off-season or surplus export (quota) products at discounted prices.

OUTSOURCING (OUTSOURCING)

It is the contracting out of activities previously carried out within the company by employees to smaller external businesses for reasons such as efficiency, speed, quality and cost.

PAYMENT ACCOUNTS (ACCOUNTS PAYABLE)

The amount of money owed to suppliers for goods held in stock.

ECONOMY OF SCALE 

Cost advantages a retailer gains due to its size and volume of business.

PRE-ORDER (ADVANCE ORDER)

An order placed well in advance of the desired shipping time. Pre-ordering before the actual purchasing season provides the seller with the advantage of lower prices because it provides the primary source of income during the slow season.

FEATURE

A product's technical specification is the most accurate, measurable factual information about the product.

SPECIALITY GOODS

These are products that require a customer to make a special effort to find and purchase.

SPECIALITY STORE

These are stores that focus on a limited number of, often complementary, product categories and offer a high level of service.

PRIVATE BRANDING

These are products produced to be sold under the name of a wholesaler or retailer company.

MARKET : A place where sellers and individuals who have the desire and power to purchase a particular product or service meet. Market.

MARKET GROWTH STRATEGIES

Strategies that aim to grow by selling existing products to new customers.

MARKET PRICE

The price actually paid by the customer.

MARKET SHARE

The ratio of sales of an organization's products to all sales of the same or similar products - (expressed as a percentage value)

MARKET POTENTIAL

Expected total demand in the market under study. The total quantity of products that customers in a given segment could purchase with a given level of marketing activity during a given period.

MARKET SEGMENT

A subdivision of a market determined by the specific behaviors and needs of customers.

MARKET TEST

The release of a product to the market in limited quantities for trial purposes.

Market Penetration Pricing

It is a strategy of offering a brand at a low price to encourage as many consumers as possible to try it.

Market Penetration Strategies 

Strategies that aim to grow by selling more of an organization's existing products to existing customers.

MARKETING

It is the planning, implementation and evaluation of the process of creating, pricing, promoting, distributing and selling products, services and ideas to achieve personal and corporate goals and meet needs.

MARKETING AUDIT

It is a systematic review of a company's marketing environment, objectives, strategies, activities and personnel.

MARKETING COMMUNICATION

It is the marketing mix component that involves informing target markets about a product and influencing their decision to purchase that product.

MARKETING MIX

Marketing variables that are under the control of the marketing manager and used to elicit the desired response from the target market. It is a combination of strategies that include product, price, place, and promotion.

MARKETING PLAN

It is a series of decisions including objectives, actions and marketing mix components to reach a specific target market.

MARKETING PRODUCTIVITY 

The ratio of what is achieved through marketing activities to all costs incurred.

MARKETING MANAGEMENT 

It is the entire process of establishing marketing objectives, planning actions, implementing them, measuring the level of achievement of objectives and improving the results.

RETAILERS

An intermediary person or organization that sells to end consumers.

PERIODIC REORDERING SYSTEMS

An inventory management system in which the periods for reviewing stocks and ordering deficiencies remain constant, but order quantities can vary.

PRESTIGE PRICING

A pricing system based on the assumption that customers will not purchase goods and services sold at prices they consider low. High pricing to create an image of high quality and uniqueness

PROACTIVE STRATEGY

It is an ambitious innovation strategy in which substantial resources are devoted to exploring suitable opportunities to develop a product.

PROMOTION

Activities carried out by a retailer to inform customers about its store or products and encourage them to purchase.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PRICING

These are some tactics used to make a price more attractive to the customer.

PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS

Needs related to the personal satisfaction that customers derive from purchasing, shopping, or owning a product.

PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION

It is a market segmentation based on consumers' lifestyle categories, activities, interests and opinions.

REFERENCE GROUP

One or more people against whom a person compares his or her own beliefs, feelings, and behavior.

COMPETITION ANALYSIS

It is the examination of the path, methods and capabilities of competitors to successfully implement their strategies and the evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses.

COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT

Markets where companies that can potentially meet the demands and needs of their target markets are located together.

COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR

The frequency and intensity of reactions to competitors' actions.

COMPETITIVE ADVERTISING

These are advertisements that highlight the features and advantages of a particular brand and aim to provide competitive advantage.

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

It is the difference that provides a unique power over competitors and provides superiority in dimensions such as quality, design, cost and time.

COMPETITIVE-ORIENTED PRICING

A pricing method in which a retailer uses competitors' prices as an indicator, rather than factors such as cost and demand, when setting prices.

ADVERTISEMENT (COMMERCIAL)

Promotional activities, typically conducted through mass media, aim to inform consumers and customers about a brand, provide information, and create psychological acceptance. The goal is to drive sales by attracting customers to sales outlets, influencing their purchasing behavior, reminding them of the brand, building brand loyalty, changing their habits, convincing them that it offers value for money, and convincing them that it fits their lifestyle.

ADVERTISING

It is a type of non-personal communication conducted in return for a fee, using various media, by organizations identified in the message content, with the aim of informing or persuading members of a specific target audience.

ADVERTISING AGENCY

A company that plans and prepares advertising campaigns for other organizations.

ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN

It is the planning, budgeting, implementation and control of a specific advertising activity.

ADVERTISING BUDGET

It is all the resources required to achieve the determined goals and objectives.

ADVERTISING MEDIA

TV, cinema, radio, newspaper, magazine, mailing, standing (billboard, board) and mobile etc. are advertising tools.

ADVERTISING PRODUCTION

Editing the advertising elements (title, text, image, slogan, logo) (layout), preparing and shooting the film script, voice-over, etc.

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FIXED COSTS

These are expenses that do not change regardless of sales volume in a given time period.

FIXED ASSETS: Assets that require more than one year to be converted into cash.

BARGAINING POWER OF VENDORS

The degree to which a given number of sellers can control the goods sold in a given market.

BUYING BEHAVIOR

These are the activities that customers perform when purchasing a good or service.

PURCHASING POWER

The financial resources a customer has to make purchases.

TERMS OF PURCHASE

Delivery, discounts, transportation costs and similar conditions that may be included in a purchase agreement with the seller.

BUYING PROCESS

All the stages that customers go through when purchasing goods or services.

SALES SPACE

The area reserved for the display of products, interaction between sales personnel and customers, and effective presentation of the product.

SALES ANALYSIS

It is the gathering, classification, comparison and study of all sales data of the company.

TERM OF SALE

Additional payments for changes in a sales contract with customers are conditions for delivery, after-sales and take-back policy and similar conditions.

SALES QUOTA

A sales objective used to manage sales efforts and for salespeople.

SALES COSTS

The total cost incurred by a company to produce or acquire goods sold during an accounting period.

SALES PLAN

It is the formal expression of sales objectives and strategies.

SALES PROMOTIONS

Non-personal communication activities that offer additional value and incentives to consumers to visit and/or shop at a store at a specific time and are undertaken for a fee.

SALES PROCESS

A series of activities performed by a salesperson to facilitate a customer's purchasing decision.

SALES PRODUCTIVITY

Salesperson effectiveness, typically measured in sales per hour or per day.

SALESMAN (SALESPERSON)

A professional businessman who researches potential customers and their needs, offers products or services in accordance with the company's sales policies and procedures, convinces the customer, deals with objections and concerns, and helps him make a purchasing decision.

SELF-SERVICE RETAILER

A retail outlet that provides the lowest level of customer service, where customers mind their own business within the store.

ORDER PROCESSING

It is the process of receiving customer orders, processing them, informing warehouses, supplying orders from stocks, issuing invoices and preparing shipping instructions.

COLD CANVASSING

Identifying a potential customer from a phone book or other source and following up on the phone.

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

The current and potential customers of an organization, in terms of demographics and values.

SOCIAL CLASS

A group of people with similar income, wealth, skills, and power.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

An organization's acceptance of its obligations to society for its decisions and actions.

STOCK KEEPING UNIT

The smallest group of products based on color, shape, size, etc. that can justify tracking stock records.

STOCK TURNOVER RATE

It shows the rate at which a store turns over its inventory over a specific period. It is considered a performance indicator in the retail industry.

STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP-ALLIANCES

A long-term relationship in which the parties make significant and substantial investments to increase the profitability of both parties.

STRATEGIC MARKETING

Marketing efforts conducted using specific strategies.

STRATEGIC MARKETING PLANNING

It is a conscious and corporate decision process that envisages the use of marketing resources according to current opportunities in line with marketing goals and objectives for a specific future.

PRESENTATION

It is the delivery of a sales message to the customer. After determining the customer's needs, it is the seller's verbal and visual communication effort to inform and persuade the customer.

SURVEY

The use of a questionnaire is a method of data collection that is carried out through face-to-face interviews, telephone, mail, or a combination of these.

SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

The distinct competence that a retailer possesses compared to its competitors and can maintain over a considerable period of time.

SWOT ANALYSIS

It is the systematic analysis and evaluation of an organization's strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

FORECAST

It is to make predictions about the level of sales that will reach in a certain period by using systematic and scientific methods.

DEMAND

The total quantity of a product or service that can be sold at a given price. The desire to purchase the product or service.

PURE COMPETITION

A market in which many sellers compete with each other with similar products.

JUST-IN-TIME DISTRIBUTION

It is the production and distribution of products that are market-demanding and delivered to customers on time. It is a practice that ensures inventory is kept to a minimum.

SATISFACTION

Post-sale/post-consumption evaluation of the extent to which a store's service or product meets or exceeds customer expectations.

VENDOR

A manufacturer or wholesaler from whom a retailer supplies goods that it sells to its customers.

ONE-PRICE RETAILER

A shop that offers all its products for sale at a single fixed price, creating the hope and excitement of finding a product worth more than its price.

ONE-PRICE POLICY

It is a pricing policy that ensures that all customers pay the same price for a particular product during a specific period.

TELEMARKETING (TELEMARKETING)

The process of selling a product or service to potential customers by calling, explaining, and requesting orders.

COMMERCIAL BRIBERY

A supplier offers money or gifts to a buyer in order to influence their purchasing decision.

TOTAL REVENUE

The total amount of money earned from the sale of a product

TOTAL COSTS

It is the total of fixed and variable costs incurred in the production and marketing of a product.

COLLECTING

The collection function of a distribution channel involves identifying goods and services that meet the needs of a relevant customer segment and procuring them from relevant sources. This may also require the distribution channel to engage in physical distribution activities such as transportation, warehousing, and information processing.

WHOLESALER

A trading organization that purchases, stores and physically transports products in large quantities and resells them in smaller quantities to retailers or industrial users.

PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITY

Creating psychological and behavioral acceptance towards a brand and, as a result, developing a positive image towards that brand, ensuring brand loyalty, reminding and ensuring its spread.

PROMOTION

Advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, promotion, announcement or announcement, consumer relations and public relations activities carried out towards members of the marketing channel, potential customers and consumers and the public.

CONSUMER

A person who purchases goods or services for end-use purposes for himself and/or his family.

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

The way internal and external forces influence people's shopping activities.

CONSUMER MOVEMENT (CONSUMERISM)

These are activities carried out by governments, businesses, non-governmental organisations and similar independent organisations designed to protect individuals from practices that would jeopardise their rights as consumers.

CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE PROCESS

These are the stages of recognizing innovation as a need, obtaining information, evaluating it, testing it and ultimately accepting or rejecting it.

CONSUMER PROMOTION

These are sales-enhancing efforts and activities that increase the attractiveness of a product or service to consumers.

CONSUMER GOODS

These are goods that are sold to the final consumer and are generally easily and widely available. International marketing: The process of developing marketing strategies aimed at selling products outside the country and integrating their applications in different countries.

Adapted Selling

A personal selling approach in which sales behavior is modified based on information about the customer and the purchasing situation.

Adaptive pricing

A pricing tactic used to respond to price changes made by competitors with large market shares.

PRODUCT 

All the features and tangible and intangible benefits of the goods, services or ideas offered for sale and purchased by the customer.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Growth strategies based on developing new products to offer to existing customers.

PRODUCT LINES

It is a group of products that are considered closely related because they meet the same type of need, are used together, are sold to the same customer group, use the same distribution channel, or are available in a certain price range.

PRODUCT LINE EXTENSION

It is the addition of new products to existing product lines.

PRODUCT MIX

It is the entirety of the product lines offered to the market by a company.

PRODUCT MANAGER

The person who manages the activities and employees in the stages leading up to the launch of a particular product.

PRODUCT ADVERTISING

Advertising that aims to direct members of the target audience to the advertiser's products

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

The life cycle of a product, consisting of four periods called introduction, development, maturity, and decline, observed in its sales and profitability history.

XVYZ

GENERATION X

People born between 1965 and 1976 who exhibit common behaviors and life expectations as a generation

LIFE STYLE

The way individual customers or families (households) live, spend their money and time, the activities they participate in, and their ideas and attitudes about the world they live in.

Lifestyle Retailing

A retail format developed based on customers' lifestyles.

AGING

The length of time an item is in stock.

INNOVATION 

The process of creating a product or service with economic value whose physical and functional properties were not previously known.

NEW PRODUCT

A product that represents innovation in some way for the company marketing it.

REORDER POINT

The stock level at which a new order is deemed necessary.

PLACE UTILITY

It is the benefit provided to the customer as a result of the products being available in convenient locations thanks to the existence of the distribution system.

GREEN MARKETING

Marketing activities that support the production and preference of products that are sensitive to environmental problems and protect natural resources.

Generation Y

People born between 1977 and 1998 who exhibit common behaviors and life expectations as a generation.

INTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION

The availability of a product in nearly all retail locations within a region. It's used for inexpensive, frequently purchased items. If it's not available at a retail location, customers will readily purchase an alternative product, potentially resulting in a lost sale.

CONGESTION

It is the increase in the number of people or vehicles at a certain location to the point of creating congestion.

YUPPIES

The name given to young urban professionals who adopted a fast-paced lifestyle in the 1990s.

TIME UTILITY

It is the benefit provided by the intermediaries involved in distribution by making the products available to the customers for purchase at any time they want.

TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

A statistical method that uses past data to predict future events.

CHAIN ​​STORE

A retail business with more than four stores